Machine learning approach combined with causal relationship inferring unlocks the shared pathomechanism between COVID-19 and acute myocardial infarction.

Background: Increasing evidence suggests that people with Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) have a much higher prevalence of Acute Myocardial Infarction (AMI) than the general population. However, the underlying mechanism is not yet comprehended. Therefore, our study aims to explore the potential secret behind this complication. Materials and methods: The gene expression profiles of COVID-19 and AMI were acquired from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. After identifying the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) shared by COVID-19 and AMI, we conducted a series of bioinformatics analytics to enhance our understanding of this issue. Results: Overall, 61 common DEGs were filtered out, based on which we established a powerful diagnostic predictor through 20 mainstream machine-learning algorithms, by utilizing which we could estimate if there is any risk in a specific COVID-19 patient to develop AMI. Moreover, we explored their shared implications of immunology. Most remarkably, through the Bayesian network, we inferred the causal relationships of the essential biological processes through which the underlying mechanism of co-pathogenesis between COVID-19 and AMI was identified. Conclusion: For the first time, the approach of causal relationship inferring was applied to analyzing shared pathomechanism between two relevant diseases, COVID-19 and AMI. Our findings showcase a novel mechanistic insight into COVID-19 and AMI, which may benefit future preventive, personalized, and precision medicine.Graphical abstract.

An Agenda-Setting Account for Psychological Typhoon Eye Effect on Responses to the Outbreak of COVID-19 in Wuhan

During the outbreak of COVID-19 in Wuhan in 2020, we conducted a nationwide survey of 8170 respondents from 31 provinces/municipalities in China via Sojump to examine the relationship between the distance to respondents' city of residence from Wuhan and their safety concerns and risk perception of the epidemic that occurred in Wuhan City. We found that (1) the farther (psychologically or physically) people were from Wuhan, the more concerned they were with the safety of the epidemic risk in Wuhan, which we dubbed the psychological typhoon eye (PTE) effect on responses to the outbreak of COVID-19;(2) agenda setting can provide a principled account for such effect: the risk information proportion mediated the PTE effect. The theoretical and managerial implications for the PTE effect and public opinion disposal were discussed, and agenda setting was identified to be responsible for the preventable overestimated risk perception.

Effects of sleep quality on suicide risk in COVID-19 patients: The chain mediating of anxiety and depressive symptoms.

Background: Although current studies have identified sleep disorders as an independent risk factor for suicide, the relationship between sleep disorders and suicide risk has not been well established. This study explored whether anxiety and depressive symptoms are used as mediators to participate in the impact of sleep quality on suicide risk. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study. We administered a psychological questionnaire to the participants, using a combination of self-assessment and psychiatrist assessment.Sleep quality, suicide risk, level of anxiety and depressive symptoms were assessed by PSQI, NGASR, SAS and SDS.The study subjects were 391 hospitalized COVID-19 patients from Wuhan hospitals. We used model 6 in the PROCESS (version 3.5) plug-in of SPSS software to conduct mediation test with sleep quality as the independent variable, suicide risk as the dependent variable, level of anxiety and depressive symptoms as intermediate variables. Results: The severity of anxiety and depressive symptoms and the risk of suicide in the sleep disorder group (63.15 ± 13.71, 59.85 ± 13.38, 6.52 ± 3.67) were higher than those in the non-sleep disorder group (49.83 ± 13.14, 44.87 ± 10.19, 2.87 ± 3.26) (P < 0.001). The mediation model works well, The total indirect effect was 0.22 (95%CI = [0.17, 0.28]), and the direct effect was 0.16 (95%CI = [0.08, 0.24]). Limitations: This study used a self-assessment scale. Conclusions: Anxiety and depressive symptoms played a chain mediating role between sleep quality and suicide risk.

An Agenda-Setting Account for Psychological Typhoon Eye Effect on Responses to the Outbreak of COVID-19 in Wuhan.

During the outbreak of COVID-19 in Wuhan in 2020, we conducted a nationwide survey of 8170 respondents from 31 provinces/municipalities in China via Sojump to examine the relationship between the distance to respondents' city of residence from Wuhan and their safety concerns and risk perception of the epidemic that occurred in Wuhan City. We found that (1) the farther (psychologically or physically) people were from Wuhan, the more concerned they were with the safety of the epidemic risk in Wuhan, which we dubbed the psychological typhoon eye (PTE) effect on responses to the outbreak of COVID-19; (2) agenda setting can provide a principled account for such effect: the risk information proportion mediated the PTE effect. The theoretical and managerial implications for the PTE effect and public opinion disposal were discussed, and agenda setting was identified to be responsible for the preventable overestimated risk perception.

Comprehensive conservative treatment for multiple metastases of skull osteosarcoma: A case report.

Background: Skull osteosarcoma is relatively rare, and it is difficult to be diagnosed according to medical history and imaging examination due to the complex structure and diverse components of the brain. Consequently, there is only a limited number of patients who can undergo neoadjuvant chemotherapy before the operation. Although neoadjuvant chemotherapy plays an important role in the treatment of osteosarcoma, there is still a "bottleneck" in the current treatment method which when pulmonary metastasis occurs, or surgical treatment is not Enneking appropriate. Under such circumstances, the choice of treatment can be an issue. Case: A 16-year-old male patient with multiple metastases of skull osteosarcoma was reported. The patient suffered not only tinnitus and hearing loss in the right ear but also right facial paralysis and headache. The preoperative brain MRI showed a tumor in the right cerebellopontine angle (CPA) area. He underwent skull tumor resection at another hospital in November 2018, during which process the biopsy revealed epithelioid osteoblastoma-like osteosarcoma. The patient had supplemental radiotherapy 1 month after surgery because of tumor recurrence. 32 months afterward, pulmonary metastases and multiple bone metastases were found. Then the patient underwent multiple conservative treatments which include Denosumab, Anlotinib, and DIA (cisplatin + ifosfamide + doxorubicin) chemotherapy at our hospital. After a series of 6 cycles of treatment, the patient can walk without aid. Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and Alkaline phosphatase (AKP) returned to a normal level. Fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) metabolism in all bone metastases decreased to normal except for the ones in the proximal left femur, and the FDG metabolism in the left femur is significantly lower than that before treatment. Multiple bone metastases showed different extents of high-density calcification, and the volume of the local bone metastases has been reduced significantly. The patient's condition stayed stable at latest follow-up. Conclusion: We found that multiple conservative treatments, which include Denosumab, Anlotinib and DIA chemotherapy, can improve patients' life quality, and help avoid further osteolytic destruction for patients with skull osteosarcoma and multiple metastases. Its specific mechanism and scope of the application still need to be further studied.

Peptide Amphiphile Mediated Co-assembly for Nanoplasmonic Sensing.

Aromatic interactions are commonly involved in the assembly of naturally occurring building blocks, and these interactions can be replicated in an artificial setting to produce functional materials. Here we describe a colorimetric biosensor using co-assembly experiments with plasmonic gold and surfactant-like peptides (SLPs) spanning a wide range of aromatic residues, polar stretches, and interfacial affinities. The SLPs programmed in DDD-(ZZ) x -FFPC self-assemble into higher-order structures in response to a protease and subsequently modulate the colloidal dispersity of gold leading to a colorimetric readout. Results show the strong aggregation propensity of the FFPC tail without polar DDD head. The SLPs were specific to the target protease, i.e., Mpro, a biomarker for SARS-CoV-2. This system is a simple and visual tool that senses Mpro in phosphate buffer, exhaled breath condensate, and saliva with detection limits of 15.7, 20.8, and 26.1 nM, respectively. These results may have value in designing other protease testing methods.

In Silico Fit Evaluation of Additively Manufactured Face Coverings.

In response to the respiratory protection device shortage during the COVID-19 pandemic, the additive manufacturing (AM) community designed and disseminated numerous AM face masks. Questions regarding the effectiveness of AM masks arose because these masks were often designed with limited (if any) functional performance evaluation. In this study, we present a fit evaluation methodology in which AM face masks are virtually donned on a standard digital headform using finite element-based numerical simulations. We then extract contour plots to visualize the contact patches and gaps and quantify the leakage surface area for each mask frame. We also use the methodology to evaluate the effects of adding a foam gasket and variable face mask sizing, and finally propose a series of best practices. Herein, the methodology is focused only on characterizing the fit of AM mask frames and does not considering filter material or overall performance. We found that AM face masks may provide a sufficiently good fit if the sizing is appropriate and if a sealing gasket material is present to fill the gaps between the mask and face. Without these precautions, the rigid nature of AM materials combined with the wide variation in facial morphology likely results in large gaps and insufficient adaptability to varying user conditions which may render the AM face masks ineffective.

Association between temperature variability and global meningitis incidence.

BACKGROUND: Meningitis can cause devastating epidemics and is susceptible to climate change. It is unclear how temperature variability, an indicator of climate change, is associated with meningitis incidence. METHODS: We used global meningitis incidence data along with meteorological and demographic data over 1990-2019 to identify the association between temperature variability and meningitis. We also employed future (2020-2100) climate data to predict meningitis incidence under different emission levels (SSPs: Shared Socioeconomic Pathways). RESULTS: We found that the mean temperature variability increased by almost 3 folds in the past 30 years. The largest changes occurred in Australasia, Tropical Latin America, and Central Sub-Saharan Africa. With a logarithmic unit increase in temperature variability, the overall global meningitis risk increases by 4.8 %. Australasia, Central Sub-Saharan Africa, and High-income North America are the most at-risk regions. Higher statistical differences were identified in males, children, and the elderly population. Compared to high-emission (SSP585) scenario, we predicted a median reduction of 85.8 % in meningitis incidence globally under the low-emission (SSP126) climate change scenario by 2100. CONCLUSION: Our study provides evidence for temperature variability being in association with meningitis incidence, which suggests that global actions are urgently needed to address climate change and to prevent meningitis occurrence.

Potential Life-Cycle Environmental Impacts of the COVID-19 Nucleic Acid Test.

Massive diagnostic testing has been performed for appropriate screening and identification of COVID-19 cases in the ongoing global pandemic. However, the environmental impacts of COVID-19 diagnostics have been least considered. In this paper, the environmental impacts of the COVID-19 nucleic acid diagnostics were assessed by following a full cradle-to-grave life-cycle approach. The corresponding life-cycle anthology was established to provide quantitative analysis. Moreover, three alternative scenarios, i.e., material substitution, improved waste treatment, and electric vehicle (EV)-based transportation, were further proposed to discuss the potential environmental mitigation and conservation strategies. It was estimated that the life cycle of a single COVID-19 nucleic acid diagnostic test in China would lead to the emission of 612.9 g CO2 equiv global warming potential. Waste treatment, as a step of life cycle, worsen the environmental impacts such as global warming potential, eutrophication, and ecotoxicity. Meanwhile, diesel-driven transportation was considered as the major contributor to particulate air. Even though COVID-19 diagnostics are of the greatest importance to end the pandemic, their environmental impacts should not be ignored. It is suggested that improved approaches for waste treatment, low-carbon transportation, and a reliable pool sampling strategy are critical for the achievement of sustainable and green diagnostics.

Regulatory reliance for convergence and harmonisation in the medical device space in Asia-Pacific.

While some sort of regulatory convergence and harmonisation are often needed for achieving regulatory reliance, in reality, regulatory reliance as a strategy towards convergence and harmonisation has never been more significant in Asia-Pacific (APAC). A sustained, rapid and large-scale provision of medical devices, including articles and apparatus used in diagnosis, care, treatment or prevention of disease and softwares, etc, across national boundaries, is the key to winning the fight against future pandemics and improving people's well-being in such a populous and geographically diverse region. The COVID-19 pandemic highlighted the value of regulatory reliance to enable easier access to medical devices that have gone through regulatory approvals in countries with mature regulatory systems based on the Quality Management System and product assessment guidelines of the International Medical Device Regulators Forum. This analysis focuses on why regulatory reliance is needed, how much has been achieved, its impact on the development of the medical device industry and challenges to be addressed in the region. By drawing on the experience from the Singapore Health Sciences Authority-Thai Food and Drug Administration regulatory reliance pilot and Vietnam's inclusion of Korea Ministry of Food and Drug Safety and China National Medical Products Administration as reference markets for fast review/approval, it aims to explore next viable steps and future trend of the APAC regional regulatory harmonisation mechanism through regulatory reliance in the post-COVID-19 era.

Quantifying the impact of pandemic lockdown policies on global port calls.

The recent experience of lockdowns during COVID-19 highlights the prolonged impact a pandemic could have on ports and the shipping industry. This paper uses port call data derived from the Automatic Identification System (AIS) reports from the world's 30 largest container ports to quantify both the immediate and longer-term impact of national COVID-19 lockdown policies on global shipping flows. The analysis uses the Difference-in-Difference (DID) and combined regression discontinuity design (RDD)-DID models to represent the effects of lockdown policies. The combination of RDD and DID models is particularly effective because it can mitigate time trends in the data, e.g., the Chinese New Year effect on Chinese ports. This study further examines the potential shock propagation effects, namely, how lockdown policy in one country (i.e., China) can affect the number of port calls in other countries. We categorize ports in other countries into a high-connectivity (with Chinese ports) group and a low-connectivity group, using a proposed connectivity index with China derived from individual vessel trajectories obtained from the AIS data. The results provide a clearly measurable picture of the kinds of trade shocks and consequent pattern changes in port calls over time caused by responses to lockdown policies of varying levels of stringency. We further document the existence of significant shock propagation effects. As the risk of pandemics rises in the twenty-first century, these results can be used by policy makers to assess the potential impact of different levels of lockdown policy on the maritime industry and trade flows more broadly. Maritime players can also use findings such as these to manage their capacity during lockdowns more effectively and to respond more flexibly to changing demand in seaborne transportation.

A Self-Immolative Fluorescent Probe for Selective Detection of SARS-CoV-2 Main Protease.

Existing tools to detect and visualize severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) suffer from low selectivity, poor cell permeability, and high cytotoxicity. Here we report a novel self-immolative fluorescent probe (MP590) for the highly selective and sensitive detection of the SARS-CoV-2 main protease (Mpro). This fluorescent probe was prepared by connecting a Mpro-cleavable peptide (N-acetyl-Abu-Tle-Leu-Gln) with a fluorophore (i.e., resorufin) via a self-immolative aromatic linker. Fluorescent titration results show that MP590 can detect Mpro with a limit of detection (LoD) of 35 nM and is selective over interferents such as hemoglobin, bovine serum albumin (BSA), thrombin, amylase, SARS-CoV-2 papain-like protease (PLpro), and trypsin. The cell imaging data indicate that this probe can report Mpro in HEK 293T cells transfected with a Mpro expression plasmid as well as in TMPRSS2-VeroE6 cells infected with SARS-CoV-2. Our results suggest that MP590 can both measure and monitor Mpro activity and quantitatively evaluate Mpro inhibition in infected cells, making it an important tool for diagnostic and therapeutic research on SARS-CoV-2.

Protease-Responsive Peptide-Conjugated Mitochondrial-Targeting AIEgens for Selective Imaging and Inhibition of SARS-CoV-2-Infected Cells.

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a serious threat to human health and lacks an effective treatment. There is an urgent need for both real-time tracking and precise treatment of the SARS-CoV-2-infected cells to mitigate and ultimately prevent viral transmission. However, selective triggering and tracking of the therapeutic process in the infected cells remains challenging. Here, we report a main protease (Mpro)-responsive, mitochondrial-targeting, and modular-peptide-conjugated probe (PSGMR) for selective imaging and inhibition of SARS-CoV-2-infected cells via enzyme-instructed self-assembly and aggregation-induced emission (AIE) effect. The amphiphilic PSGMR was constructed with tunable structure and responsive efficiency and validated with recombinant proteins, cells transfected with Mpro plasmid or infected by SARS-CoV-2, and a Mpro inhibitor. By rational construction of AIE luminogen (AIEgen) with modular peptides and Mpro, we verified that the cleavage of PSGMR yielded gradual aggregation with bright fluorescence and enhanced cytotoxicity to induce mitochondrial interference of the infected cells. This strategy may have value for selective detection and treatment of SARS-CoV-2-infected cells.

Quantifying the impacts of COVID-19 on Sustainable Development Goals using machine learning models

The COVID-19 pandemic has posed severe threats to global sustainable development. However, a comprehensive quantitative assessment of the impacts of COVID-19 on Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) is still lacking. This research quantified the post-COVID-19 SDG progress from 2020 to 2024 using projected GDP growth and population and machine learning models including support vector machine, random forest, and extreme gradient boosting. The results show that the overall SDG performance declined by 7.7% in 2020 at the global scale, with 12 socioeconomic SDG performance decreasing by 3.0-22.3% and 4 environmental SDG performance increasing by 1.6-9.2%. By 2024, the progress of 12 SDGs will lag behind for one to eight years compared to their pre-COVID-19 trajectories, while extra time will be gained for 4 environment-related SDGs. Furthermore, the pandemic will cause more impacts on countries in emerging markets and developing economies than those on advanced economies, and the latter will recover more quickly to be closer to their pre-COVID-19 trajectories by 2024. Post-COVID-19 economic recovery should emphasize in areas that can help decouple economic growth from negative environmental impacts. The results can help government and non-state stakeholders identify critical areas for targeted policy to resume and speed up the progress to achieve SDGs by 2030.

Long-term orientation and demographics predict the willingness to quarantine: A cross-national survey in the first round of COVID-19 lockdown.

To be or not to be quarantined? That is the question posed by COVID-19 pandemic to almost every resident in the world. Approximately three months after the first application of the COVID-19 lockdown to residents in 17 Asian, African, European, American, and Oceanian countries, we carried out a cross-national survey of 26,266 residents via online platforms such as Sojump and Prolific to investigate their willingness to quarantine and its influencing factors. Findings show that 1) The willingness to quarantine is low in countries with high long-term orientation; 2) Females are more willing to be quarantined than males; 3) Gender difference on willingness to quarantine is large among people with older age and low education. Theoretical and managerial implications are discussed. Understanding how culture and demographics affect people's willingness to quarantine not only provides insight into how to respond to the current pandemic, but also helps the world prepare for future crises.

Clinical and laboratory features in COVID-19 patients without anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody

Objective: The aim of this study is to investigate the clinical and laboratory features in confirmed COVID-19 patients without specific anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody,it is important to interpret SARS-CoV-2 antibody test results correctly and provide effective management for COVID-19 patients without specific anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody.

Sharing behavior in ride-hailing trips: A machine learning inference approach

[Display omitted] • Predict sharing behavior in Chicago's ride-haling trips using ensemble ML methods. • Willingness to share a ride declined over 52% throughout 2019. • Over time, per-mile cost of shared trips increased, shorter trips shifted to solo. • Travel impedance variables have the highest predictive power in sharing behavior. Ride sharing or pooling is important to mitigate negative externalities of ride-hailing such as increased congestion and environmental impacts. However, there lacks empirical evidence on what affect trip-level sharing behavior in ride-hailing. Using a novel dataset from all ride-hailing trips in Chicago in 2019, we show that the willingness of riders to request a shared ride has monotonically decreased from 27.0% to 12.8% throughout the year, while the trip volume and mileage have remained statistically unchanged. We find that the decline in sharing preference is due to an increased per-mile costs of shared trips and shifting shorter trips to solo. Using ensemble machine learning models, we find that the travel impedance variables (trip cost, distance, and duration) collectively contribute to the predictive power by 95% in the propensity to share and 91% in successful matching of a trip. Spatial and temporal attributes, sociodemographic, built environment, and transit supply variables do not entail significant predictive power at the trip level in presence of these travel impedance variables. Our findings shed light on sharing behavior in ride-hailing trips and can help devise strategies that increase shared ride-hailing. [ FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of Transportation Research: Part D is the property of Pergamon Press - An Imprint of Elsevier Science and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full . (Copyright applies to all s.)

Network Topology of Biological Aging and Geroscience-Guided Approaches to COVID-19.

Aging has emerged as the greatest and most prevalent risk factor for the development of severe COVID-19 infection and death following exposure to the SARS-CoV-2 virus. The presence of multiple co-existing chronic diseases and conditions of aging further enhances this risk. Biological aging not only enhances the risk of chronic diseases, but the presence of such conditions further accelerates varied biological processes or "hallmarks" implicated in aging. Given growing evidence that it is possible to slow the rate of many biological aging processes using pharmacological compounds has led to the proposal that such geroscience-guided interventions may help enhance immune resilience and improve outcomes in the face of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Our review of the literature indicates that most, if not all, hallmarks of aging may contribute to the enhanced COVID-19 vulnerability seen in frail older adults. Moreover, varied biological mechanisms implicated in aging do not function in isolation from each other, and exhibit intricate effects on each other. With all of these considerations in mind, we highlight limitations of current strategies mostly focused on individual single mechanisms, and we propose an approach which is far more multidisciplinary and systems-based emphasizing network topology of biological aging and geroscience-guided approaches to COVID-19.

Genetic characteristics and nucleic acid detection results of SARS-CoV-2 in 2297 clinical samples

Objective To analyze the genomics characteristics and nucleic acid detection results of the severe Acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2（SARS-CoV-2） in 2 297 clinical samples collected in January and February, 2020 in Laboratory of Microbiology of Changsha Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention. Methods Viral RNA of throat swabs or respiratory tract specimens of coronavirus disease 2019（COVID-19） suspected cases from January 19, 2020 to February 29, 2020 was extracted and SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid was detected by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction.The full length genome of SARS-CoV-2 in positive samples was enriched by using viral genome capture kit and sequenced on Illumina MiSeq platform.The raw reads were mapped and aligned with SPAdes software v 3.13.0.Reference SARS-CoV-2 sequences were obtained from GISAID（https://www.gisaid.org） andviral genetic evolution and antigen variation were analyzed. Results A total of 215 SARS-Co V2-nucleic acid positive samples were identified from 2 297 clinical samples.Among the SARS-Co V2-positive samples, 110 were males and 105 were from females.The male to female ratio was 1.05∶1.The highest positive rate was among 40-<60 years old people（11.35%） and the lowest positive rate was in children under 6 years old（5.49%）.The peak of newly confirmed cases was in the 5 th week（January 26 to February 1, 2020） and then decreased.There was no newly positive case after February 25, 2020.Five SARS-Co V2-whole genome sequences were obtained and there were 4 to 6 nucleotide mutations compared to the Wuhan reference strain, and the homology was more than 99.90%.Most mutations occurred only once except C8782 T and T28144 C, indicating random mutations.Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the 5 sequences belonged to the L/B or S/A lineages and were highly homologous with strains prevalent in other provinces of China at the same time. Conclusions With the quick nucleic acid tests and quarantine measures, the SARS-Co V2-positive cases in Changsha began to decline after a 2-week increasing period, and there was no new confirmed cases 6 weeks later.The genomes of SARS-Co V-2 prevalent in Changsha are highly homology with the Wuhan strains in the early 2020 and no obvious mutation is found in the local pandemic period. Reset

Peptidic Sulfhydryl for Interfacing Nanocrystals and Subsequent Sensing of SARS-CoV-2 Protease.

There is a need for surveillance of COVID-19 to identify individuals infected with SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus. Although specific, nucleic acid testing has limitations in terms of point-of-care testing. One potential alternative is the nonstructural protease (nsp5, also known as Mpro/3CLpro) implicated in SARS-CoV-2 viral replication but not incorporated into virions. Here, we report a divalent substrate with a novel design, (Cys)2-(AA)x-(Asp)3, to interface gold colloids in the specific presence of Mpro leading to a rapid and colorimetric readout. Citrate- and tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine (TCEP)-AuNPs were identified as the best reporter out of the 17 ligated nanoparticles. Furthermore, we empirically determined the effects of varying cysteine valence and biological media on the sensor specificity and sensitivity. The divalent peptide was specific to Mpro, that is, there was no response when tested with other proteins or enzymes. Furthermore, the Mpro detection limits in Tris buffer and exhaled breath matrices are 12.2 and 18.9 nM, respectively, which are comparable to other reported methods (i.e., at low nanomolar concentrations) yet with a rapid and visual readout. These results from our work would provide informative rationales to design a practical and noninvasive alternative for COVID-19 diagnostic testing-the presence of viral proteases in biofluids is validated.